circle; entirety; whole; money; dough; enclosure inside a castle's walls; soft-shelled turtle
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
wood (for building); lumber; timber
at; in; at; when; by; with; so
spirit; mind; nature; disposition; intention; mind; mood
congratulation; celebration
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to make; to produce; to prepare (food); to brew (alcohol); to raise; to grow; to till
you said; he said; even if; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
talk; speech; topic; subject; discussions; negotiation; rumor
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
indicates a question; indicates an embedded question; indicates an indirect question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm
origin; source; basis; base; cause; (raw) material; ingredient
issue; offspring; paternal blood
by means of; due to; because of; according to
castle construction; building a castle; fortification
plan; project; attempt; plot; scheme; undertaking
to shake; to sway; to rock; to become unstable; to become unsettled; to be shaken
town; block; street; road; chō (unit of length, approx. 109.09 m); chō (unit of land area, approx. 0.99 hectares)
especially; particularly; above all; portioning out (servings of food)
making; producing; appearance (attire, make-up, etc.); build; physique; sashimi
opposition; resistance; antagonism; reverse; opposite; inverse
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
to do completely; to do accidentally; to do without meaning to; to happen to do
parent; parents; dealer; banker; founder; inventor; (pet) owner
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
to protect; to guard; to defend; to keep (i.e. a promise); to abide (by the rules); to observe
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
to die; to pass away; to lose spirit; to lose vigor; to cease; to stop
because; as; since; because of that; therefore; accordingly
come (on); come now; all right; right; well; hmm
such; that sort of; that kind of; no way!; never!
time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity
Mr; Mrs; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
instead of; in place of; as a substitute for; in exchange for; in return for; to make up for
to enter; to come in; to join (a club, company, etc.); to enter (a university, the army, etc.); to be contained (in); to be included (in); to (be able to) fit (in a container, building, etc.)
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
like; as; so that; in order that; be sure to; I hope (that)
to take (something) along; to bring with one; to carry (something) away; to bear
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to be able to do; to be possible; to be good at; to do well; to come into existence; to form; to be made
interrogative sentence-ending particle expressing doubt
Sunpu (old name for Shizuoka City)
to recognize; to recognise; to deem; to judge; to approve; to deem acceptable; to admit