indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to be (animate); to be; to be ..ing; to (have the audacity to) do
spirit; mind; nature; disposition; motivation; intention
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
congratulation; celebration
honorific/polite/humble prefix
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
come; come now; well; who knows; well now; let's see
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
circle; entirety; whole; money; dough; enclosure inside a castle's walls; soft-shelled turtle
that being the case; because of ...; the reason is ...; given that ...
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
in order to (e.g. meet goal); so that; take care (so as); hoping or wishing for something
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
to receive; to get; to eat; to drink; to be crowned with; to wear (on one's head)
idle talk; nonsense; fool; idiot; irresponsible; nonsensical
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
if; in case; as for; on the topic of; if that's the case; if so
to leave; to exit; to leave (on a journey); to depart; to move forward; to come to; to get to
adds force or indicates command
place; spot; address; district; area; one's house; point
that way; that direction; there; that (one); you; your family
nonexistent; not being (there); not having; not
reason; cause; circumstances