year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to be temperate in; to refrain; to make notes; to jot down (e.g. phone number); to be in preparation for; to be in waiting for
foreign; abroad; overseas
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
notice; attention; observation
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
town; city; municipal; urban
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
now; the present time; just now; another; more
young; youthful; immature; green; low (number); small
generation; the world; the age
center; centre; middle; -centered; -centred; -focused
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
world; society; people; the public
early ripening rice; early-ripening fruit (grain, etc.); person who becomes physically or mentally mature at an early age
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
organization; organisation; structure; construction; system (e.g. railroad, transport, party, etc.); tissue; texture (of a rock)
knowing; (an) acquaintance
don't you think?; indicates question
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
name; given name; title; fame; renown; pretext
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
may; might; perhaps; may be; possibly
committee; commission; board; panel; committee meeting
talent; gift; function; noh (theatre)
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
leading part; leading actor; leading actress
may; might; perhaps; may be; possibly
An'ei era (1772.11.16-1781.4.2)
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
day; days; sun; sunshine; (the) day; daytime; date
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
Comrades: Almost a Love Story
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...