indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
milk; breast; loop; decorative bump (on a hanging bell)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to drink; to gulp; to smoke (tobacco); to engulf; to overwhelm; to keep down; to suppress
to sleep (lying down); to go to bed; to lie in bed; to lie down; to sleep (with someone, i.e. have intercourse); to lie flat (e.g. of hair); to lie idle (of funds, stock, etc.)
weather; the elements; fair weather; fine weather
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity
et cetera; etc.; or something; the likes of; for example; for instance
toddling; with small, quick steps; restlessly; in continuous motion; quickly and easily; often
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
while; during; while; although; all; both
something; something or other; so-and-so; somehow; anyhow; one way or another
serious illness; dangerous disease
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
East Asian age reckoning; traditional system of age reckoning whereby newborns are considered one year old and on New Year's Day one year is added to everyone's age
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
safety; security; safely; without incident; good health; inaction
growth; development; growing up; growth (of a company, the economy, etc.)
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
to be raised (e.g. child); to be brought up; to grow (up)
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
happy; glad; pleased; joyful; delightful; gratifying
adds force or indicates command
that is so; that is right; it looks to me; people say that; it is said that; I hear that
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
above; up; top; summit; surface; before; previous
indicates word or phrase being defined; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); with; (not) as much as; (not) so much as; the fact that
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
grace (of God); benevolence (of Buddha); assistance; help; effects; influence
perhaps; maybe; perchance; by some chance; by any chance
young child; toddler; child over 1 but not yet of school age
nature (of a person); sex; gender; sex (i.e. sexual attraction, activity, etc.); gender; -ty
until now; so far; up to the present
memory; recollection; remembrance; storage
all; entire; whole; altogether
reset; fresh start; new beginning
to be lost (e.g. luggage); to be missing; to be used up; to be run out; to disappear (e.g. pain); to be lost (e.g. a dream, confidence)