indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
horse; horse racing; promoted bishop
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
good; advantage; sake; purpose; consequence; result
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to get on (train, plane, bus, ship, etc.); to get in; to get on (e.g. a footstool); to step on; to reach; to go over; to follow
like; similar to; (I) think (that); (I) have a feeling (that); feels like; feels similar to
et cetera; etc.; or something; the likes of; for example; for instance
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
to use (a thing, method, etc.); to make use of; to use (a person, animal, puppet, etc.); to employ; to use (time, money, etc.); to spend
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
to be able (in a position) to do; to be up to the task; to be ready; to be completed; to be made; to be built; to be good at
seeming ...; appearing ...; -ish; like a ...; typical of ...
to reach the point that; to come to be that; to turn into
bow (weapon); archery; bow (for a violin, etc.)
to get on a horse; to mount a horse
small horse; pony; foal; colt; filly
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
above; up; top; summit; surface; before; previous
period; epoch; the times; those days; oldness; ancientness
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
and; besides; because; since; the thing is; for one thing
time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity
to memorize; to memorise; to learn; to pick up; to feel; to think
foot; paw; leg; gait; pace; bottom structural component (i.e. radical) of a kanji; means of transportation
horse riding; mounting a horse; mount; riding horse; saddle horse
ball (for sport, games, etc.); kemari; type of football played by courtiers in ancient Japan