notice of personnel change (appointment, dismissal, etc.); wording; choice of language; phraseology
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
sometime; someday; one day; some time or other; the other day; in due course
seems; I think; I guess; right?; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
indicates word or phrase being defined; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); with; (not) as much as; (not) so much as; the fact that
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
finally; in the end; at last; in the end; after all; never (happened)
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
feeling; sense; impression
usual; ordinary; normal; regular; general; common
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
than; rather than; instead of; from; out of; except
long (distance, length); long (time); protracted; prolonged
to serve as; to act as; to fill (the position of); to play the role of; to be in charge of; to hold (a position)
so; therefore; accordingly; like I said; I told you already
refusal; rejection; denial; veto
cannot (due to external circumstances); cannot afford to; must not; impossible to; no way one can (do)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
book; document; calligraphy (esp. Chinese); penmanship; handwriting; letter
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to sigh; to breathe a sigh
to open (a door, etc.); to unwrap (e.g. parcel, package); to open (for business, etc.); to empty; to remove; to move out; to clear out
to throw; to fling; to hurl; to neglect; to abandon; to leave alone
from; since; through (e.g. a window, door); via; because; as; from (as in "made from")
to be seen; to be visible; to look; to seem; to come
deep (hole, forest, snow, etc.); dense (e.g. fog); thick (e.g. weeds, woods); close (e.g. relationship); deep (involvement); intense (e.g. longing, flavor); severe
boundary; border; limit; bounds; frontier
already; previously; before; undeniably; unmistakably
house; residence; family; household; lineage; family name
to get used to seeing; to become accustomed to seeing; to be familiar with
if; when; and; as well as; with; together with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.)
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
scenery; scene; landscape; scene (e.g. of a crime)
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
how many times; how many degrees (temperature, angle, etc.)
to be separated; to be apart; to leave; to go away; to leave (a job, etc.); to quit
but; however; (and) yet; nevertheless; still; for all that