indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
to hear; to listen (e.g. to music); to ask; to enquire; to hear about; to hear of; to follow (advice, order, etc.)
good; advantage; sake; purpose; consequence; result
there (place relatively near listener); there (place just mentioned); that place; then (of some incident just spoken of); that (of point just raised); (arch.) you
but; however; (and) yet; nevertheless; still; for all that
to hold (in one's hand); to take; to possess; to have; to maintain; to keep; to last
to use (a thing, method, etc.); to make use of; to use (a person, animal, puppet, etc.); to employ; to use (time, money, etc.); to spend
small quantity; little; little while; short distance
time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity
to take out; to get out; to put out; to reveal; to submit (e.g. thesis); to turn in; to publish
to put; to place; to leave (behind); to establish (an organization, a facility, a position, etc.); to set up; to appoint (someone to a certain position); to hire
fast; quick; early (in the day, etc.); premature; (too) soon; not yet
always; all the time; never; usual; regular
sound; noise; note; fame; Chinese-derived character reading
place; location; room; space; basho; wrestling tournament
necessary; needed; essential; necessity; need; requirement
to move; to stir; to operate; to run; to make a move; to take action; to be touched
immediately; right away; at once; instantly
worry; concern; anxiety; care; help; aid
space (between); gap; period of time (during, while); duration; between (two parties or things); among (a group); relations (between)
to put in; to let in; to admit; to accept; to accept; to comply; to include
long (distance, length); long (time); protracted; prolonged
very; awfully; exceedingly; (not) at all; by no means; simply (cannot)
to be separated; to be apart; to leave; to go away; to leave (a job, etc.); to quit
to drink; to gulp; to smoke (tobacco); to engulf; to overwhelm; to keep down; to suppress
to be able (to); to be possible (to)