indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
bear (any mammal of family Ursidae)
warrior (esp. of military retainers of daimyos in the Edo period); samurai; (arch.) man in attendance (on a person of high standing); (arch.) retainer
state; condition; situation; appearance; circumstances
to push; to press; to apply pressure from above; to press down; to stamp (i.e. a passport); to apply a seal; to affix (e.g. gold leaf)
daimyo (Japanese feudal lord)
thicket; bush; grove; (medical) quack
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
good; advantage; sake; purpose; consequence; result
opponent; rival; adversary; menace; danger; threat
several; a number of; quantity; amount; counting; figures; number
to shoot (at); to attack; to defeat; to destroy
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
sound; noise; note; fame; Chinese-derived character reading
selection; choice; option
time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity
to restrict; to limit; to be restricted to; to be limited to; to be best (for); to be the best plan
tea (usu. green); tea break (at work); tea ceremony
island; one's territory (e.g. of a sex worker, organized crime gang); one's turf
to decide; to determine; to establish; to lay down; to bring peace (to); to make peaceful
bell (often a large hanging bell); chime
sight (e.g. of a gun); aim; alignment
to finish off; to ensure (something) is dead; to put an end to; to deliver the final blow; to be the best for A
(distant) howling; backbiting
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
to hear; to listen (e.g. to music); to ask; to enquire; to hear about; to hear of; to follow (advice, order, etc.)
necessary; needed; essential; necessity; need; requirement
to move; to stir; to operate; to run; to make a move; to take action; to be touched
to be able (to); to be possible (to)
to discover; to find (e.g. an error in a book); to locate; to find (e.g. something missing); to be used to seeing; to be familiar with
to kill; to slay; to suppress; to block; to suppress (a voice, feelings, etc.); to hold back
attack; assault; raid; criticism; censure; denunciation
dog (Canis (lupus) familiaris); squealer; rat; loser; asshole; counterfeit
to sound; to ring; to resound; to echo; to roar; to rumble
poison; toxicant; harm; evil influence; ill will; spite
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
proximity; nearness; being nearby; approaching; drawing near; coming close