middle of summer; height of summer; midsummer
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
mudslinging contest; mudslinging match
to play (games, sports); to enjoy oneself; to mess about (with alcohol, gambling, philandery, etc.); to be idle; to do nothing; to meet up (with friends); to hang out
serving (of food); helping; chilled soba served on a dish (often on a wicker basket or in a shallow steaming basket) with dipping sauce
senior high school student
to; for; from the standpoint of; as far as ... is concerned
number one; first; best; most; game; round
neck; bottleneck; obstruction; neckline
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
means of transportation; transport service
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
and; besides; because; since; the thing is; for one thing
to take (a resource, e.g. time or money); to hang; to come into view; to arrive; to come under (a contract, a tax); to start (engines, motors); to attend
that being the case; because of ...; the reason is ...; given that ...
to be able (in a position) to do; to be up to the task; to be ready; to be completed; to be made; to be built; to be good at
car; automobile; vehicle; wheel
license; permit; licence; certificate
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to hold (in one's hand); to take; to possess; to have; to maintain; to keep; to last
thanks to ...; owing to ...; because of ...
various; all sorts of; variety of; (arch.) various colors (colours)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
although; despite; whereas; while; if only; I wish
home area; home town; local
to be separated; to be apart; to leave; to go away; to leave (a job, etc.); to quit
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
to produce; to yield; to cause; to result from; to arise; to be generated
apt to (do); liable to; predominantly; mostly; ... reaps the rewards; ... takes the prize
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
dot; spot; mark (in an exam, etc.); grade; point (in a game); score; point (in geometry)
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
to be blessed with; to be rich in; to abound in
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise