once; before; formerly; never yet; never before; first time
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
childhood friend; old playmate
now; the present time; just now; another; more
breaking off a relationship; permanent breach of friendship; rupture
father (esp. used in samurai families prior to the Meiji period)
in order to (e.g. meet goal); so that; take care (so as); hoping or wishing for something
honorific/polite/humble prefix; honorific suffix
chief retainer; daimyo's minister
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to kill (a human) using a blade (sword, machete, knife, etc.); to slice (off); to lop (off); to cut (off)
to receive; to get; to eat; to drink; to be crowned with; to wear (on one's head)
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
behind; rear; after; later; remainder; the rest; more (e.g. five more minutes)
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to commit seppuku; to commit harakiri; to take responsibility (and resign); (arch.) to laugh until one splits one's side
indicates word or phrase being defined; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); with; (not) as much as; (not) so much as; the fact that
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
-ness; indicates assertion; come; come now
no; nay; well; er; you're welcome; not at all
splendid; magnificent; utter (esp. defeat); total; (arch.) something worth seeing; (arch.) sight
Japanese yam (Dioscorea japonica)
to be greatly obliged; to be very sorry
be that as it may; even so; though that be so
local specialty or souvenir bought as a gift while travelling; present brought by a visitor; something unpleasant that one is given (e.g. an illness while on vacation); unwelcome gift
et cetera; etc.; or something; the likes of; for example; for instance
to pay attention to another's needs; to attend to; to fuss about; to take into consideration
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
suddenly and forcefully (e.g. jerk, poke, shove); in a single gulp; in one go
to invite; to ask; to beckon; to wave someone in; to call in; to send for
to pass (of time); to elapse
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
remains; traces; (the sorrow of) parting; end
honorific/polite/humble prefix
sake cup; cup for alcoholic beverages
to give; to offer; to lift up; to hold up; to raise
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to say; to be called; to do
eh?; what?; yes; that's correct; (arch.) strengthens a question, assertion, etc.; (arch.) hey
to meet (someone of higher status); (arch.) to be recognized (esp. by someone of higher status); (arch.) to be visible; (arch.) to be seen