indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
honorific/polite/humble prefix
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
to be (animate); to be; to be ..ing; to (have the audacity to) do
magistrate; shogunate administrator
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
tengu; long-nosed goblin; bragging; conceit; braggart
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
chief retainer; daimyo's minister
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
no; nay; well; er; you're welcome; not at all
mourning; abstinence; taboo; religious purification; pure; holy
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
district; county; district (of 2-20 50-home neighbourhoods or townships, in the ritsuryo period)
giant butterbur (Petasites japonicus); Japanese sweet coltsfoot
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
in that way; thus; so; so?
to kill (a human) using a blade (sword, machete, knife, etc.); to slice (off); to lop (off); to cut (off)
farmer; peasant; farming; the common people
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
adds force or indicates command
if; in case; as for; on the topic of; if that's the case; if so
honorific/polite/humble prefix; honorific suffix
to say; to be called; to do
uprising (esp. in Japan since middle ages, e.g. peasant uprising); revolt; insurrection; putsch; riot
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding