severe; strict; hard (to do); difficult; intense (e.g. cold); harsh (weather)
parent; parents; dealer; banker; founder; inventor; (pet) owner
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
to be used to; to get accustomed to; to train; to discipline; to tack (in needlework); to baste
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
Mr; master; Ms; miss; (arch.) sir; (arch.) madam
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
overbearing; coercive; pushy; forcible; high-handed
action; conduct; behaviour; behavior; mobilization; mobilisation
by means of; due to; because of; according to
porcelain bowl; donburi; bowl of meat, fish, etc. served over rice; front pocket in a haragake
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to bolt down (food); to gulp down; to shovel (into one's mouth)
pleasant feeling; pleasant sensation; pleasure
to memorize; to memorise; to learn; to pick up; to feel; to think
to finish; to stop; to close (a business, etc.); to close down; to put away; to put back
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
where; what place; how much (long, far); what extent
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
to fall; to drop; to set (of the sun or moon); to sink; to decrease (of popularity, quality, speed, sales, etc.); to fall; to be inferior (to)
to go; to move (towards); to move through; to travel across; to go (well, badly, etc.); to proceed; to do (in a particular way)
I wonder; do you think?; I might; some kind; some stage; somehow
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
to change; to be transformed; to move to; to be different; to be uncommon
new; neo-; newness; novelty; Gregorian calendar; Xin dynasty (of China; 9-23 CE)
sense; sensation; feeling; intuition
chairperson (of a committee); chair; chairman; chairwoman; president
to begin; to start; to happen (again); to begin (anew); to date (from); to originate (in)
hey!; say!; I say!; I; me
talk; speech; topic; subject; discussions; negotiation; rumor
serving (of food); helping; chilled soba served on a dish (often on a wicker basket or in a shallow steaming basket) with dipping sauce
past; after; too (much); over- (e.g. eating)
seems; I think; I guess; right?; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
and the like; such as; or something; something like; I hear that ...; people say that ...
to serve (in a bowl, on a plate, etc.); to dish out; to pile up; to heap up; to administer (medicine, poison); to dose out; to put into (e.g. information in a report, meaning in a statement)
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
as one would expect from ...; given that ... (naturally ...); precisely because ...; all the more because of ...; on account of ...; ... being what it is
skillful; skilful; delicious; tasty; good (deal, idea, etc.); profitable
you said; he said; even if; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
two persons; two people; pair; couple
that; that thing; that person; then; that time; that place (over there); down there (i.e. one's genitals)
appearing ...; looking ...; way to ...; method of ...ing; form; style
gyudon; rice covered with sliced beef, usu. with fried onion