indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
tree; shrub; bush; wood; timber
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to quarry; to cut (timber); to begin to talk; to break the ice; to start a fire (with flint, by rubbing sticks together, etc.); to select and extract (from a media file)
to make; to produce; to prepare (food); to brew (alcohol); to raise; to grow; to till
horse; horse racing; promoted bishop
fence; paling; railing; (arch.) fortress
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
activity (esp. energetic); great efforts; conspicuous service; to flourish; to participate actively; to play an active role
(sound of a) gunshot; (gun) report
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
war; battle; campaign; (arch.) troops; (arch.) forces
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to gain a victory; to win
house-sitting; house-sitter; caretaker or keeper (official post in the Edo period)
as (i.e. in the role of); for (i.e. from the viewpoint of); apart from... (used to change the topic); even (e.g. "not even a single person"); thinking that...; trying to...
arms; weapons (of war); armor; armour
blunder; miss; slip; oversight
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
preparation; arrangements; getting ready; provision; setup; reserving
achievement; meritorious deed; distinguished service; contribution
by means of; due to; because of; according to
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
directly; in person; firsthand
appreciation; thanks; gratitude
to receive; to get; to catch (e.g. a ball); to be struck by (wind, waves, sunlight, etc.); to sustain (damage); to incur (a loss); to undergo (e.g. surgery)
to do completely; to do accidentally; to do without meaning to; to happen to do
truth; reality; sincerity; honesty; (arch.) that's right
colour; color; complexion; skin colour; look (on one's face); expression; appearance
to finish; to stop; to close (a business, etc.); to close down; to put away; to put back
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
hand; arm; forepaw; foreleg; handle; hand; worker
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
one; for one thing; only; (not) even; just (e.g. "just try it"); some kind of; one type of
such; like that; that sort of; very
to decide to; to pretend that; to make a practice of doing; to make it a rule to
eh?; what?; yes; that's correct; (arch.) strengthens a question, assertion, etc.; (arch.) hey
where ... is concerned; when it becomes; if it becomes
to decrease (in size or number); to diminish; to abate
will; probably; may; I think; surely; I hope