foreigner; foreign citizen; foreign national; alien; non-Japanese
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
wife; bride; (one's) daughter-in-law
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
definitely; absolutely; absolute; unconditional; absoluteness
to recognize; to recognise; to deem; to judge; to approve; to deem acceptable; to admit
to be delighted; to be glad; to congratulate; to gratefully accept
to go out to meet; to receive; to welcome; to accept (e.g. as a member of a group or family); to call for; to summon
to receive; to take; to get somebody to do something; to have in one's pocket (a fight, match); to contract (a disease); to catch
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
only; merely; approximately; about; just (finished, etc.); as if to; (as though) about to
to be convinced (that); to be under the impression (that); to make up one's mind; to set one's heart on; to be obsessed (with a thought, idea, etc.); to think about obsessively
although; despite; whereas; while; if only; I wish
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
(what) the heck; (why) in the world; one object; one body; one form; one style
somehow; how; in what way; why; what kind of
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
it seems; I think; I guess; right?; don't you agree?
heave-ho; oops; yes; yeah
law (esp. ancient East Asian criminal code); regulation; vinaya (rules for the monastic community); Ritsu (school of Buddhism); lüshi (style of Chinese poem); (musical) pitch; six odd-numbered notes of the ancient chromatic scale
in that way; thus; so; so?
name; given name; first name
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
oh!; good heavens!; ugh!; oh no!; ah!; the penny drops!
for example; for instance; e.g.
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
umbrella; parasol; something shaped like an umbrella or a conical hat; shade (of a lamp); mushroom cap
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
unshapely; ill-formed; misshapen; awkward; clumsy
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
strange; odd; unexpected; change; incident; disturbance
form; shape; figure; visage
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
a little; a bit; just a minute; for a moment; somewhat; rather; (not) easily
interesting; fascinating; amusing; funny; enjoyable; fun
the person in question; prominent figure; distinguished person; that person
depending on; as soon as; immediately after; as (e.g. "as one is told", "as one wishes"); whatever (e.g. "whatever is at hand"); order; program
to be deaf; to not be able to hear
primary school; elementary school; grade school
life; living; I; me; student
time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity