indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
Mino (former province located in the south of present-day Gifu Prefecture)
teacher; instructor; sensei; title or form of address for a teacher, master, doctor, lawyer, etc.; intimate or teasing form of address; (arch.) one's elder
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
Shinano (former province located in present-day Nagano Prefecture and parts of Gifu Prefecture)
town; block; street; road; 109.09 m; 0.99 hectares
university hospital; teaching hospital
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
why?; what for?; how?; by what means?
return; relapse; recurrence
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
law (esp. ancient East Asian criminal code); regulation; vinaya (rules for the monastic community); Ritsu (school of Buddhism); lüshi (style of Chinese poem); (musical) pitch; six odd-numbered notes of the ancient chromatic scale
perhaps; possibly; maybe; if; in case; in the event that
by myself; in person; by oneself
to be convinced (that); to be under the impression (that); to make up one's mind; to set one's heart on; to be obsessed (with a thought, idea, etc.); to think about obsessively
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
if; in case; as for; on the topic of; if that's the case; if so
existing (at the present moment); alright; acceptable; to be (usu. of inanimate objects); to have
in that way; thus; so; so?
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
may; might; perhaps; may be; possibly
eh?; what?; yes; that's correct; (arch.) strengthens a question, assertion, etc.; (arch.) hey
no; nay; well; er; you're welcome; not at all
society; the world; the times
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to take (someone) with one; to bring along; to go with; to be accompanied by
to repeat; to do something over again
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
living; life (one's daily existence); livelihood
chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus); domestic chicken; chicken meat