guard on sword, polearms, etc.; flange; brim; visor (e.g. of a hat)
pole; rod; line; dash; spoken monotonously
connection; link (on a web page)
axis; shaft; center; centre; stalk; stem
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to be open (to traffic); to lead to; to flow (liquid, current); to pass; to be understood; to be comprehended; to be honored
steam; vapour; vapor; steamboat; steam locomotive
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
force; strength; capability; ability; efficacy; effect; effort
-ness; indicates assertion; come; come now
to convey; to report; to transmit; to communicate; to tell; to impart
screw; propeller (e.g. on a ship)
rotation (usu. around something); revolution; turning
I see; that's right; indeed
I got it; I see; I now know; So that's the reason
next; following; subsequent; stage; station
to cover; to hide; to conceal; to wrap; to disguise
splendid horse; promoted bishop
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
how; in what way; how about
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
this sort of; this kind of; like this; such
difficult; hard; impossible; unfeasible; fussy; particular; gloomy
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to think of; to come up with
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
come; come now; well; who knows; well now; let's see
moreover; furthermore; nevertheless; and yet
year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
in front (of); before (e.g. a building); before; earlier; (the) front; frontal part; forward
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
in that way; thus; so; so?
speaker; narrator; speaker (of a language)
teacher; instructor; sensei; title or form of address for a teacher, master, doctor, lawyer, etc.; intimate or teasing form of address; (arch.) one's elder
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to be separated; to be apart; to leave; to go away; to leave (a job, etc.); to quit
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
may; might; perhaps; may be; possibly
eh?; what?; yes; that's correct; (arch.) strengthens a question, assertion, etc.; (arch.) hey
Tosa (former province located in present-day Kochi Prefecture)