indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
expel the barbarians; expulsion of the foreigners; late Edo period (19th century) revolutionary slogan
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
(arch.) indicates emphasis, intention, etc.; indicates emphasis, intention, etc.
feudal domain (Edo and early Meiji periods, precursor to current prefectures); fiefdom; province
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
teacher; instructor; sensei; title or form of address for a teacher, master, doctor, lawyer, etc.; intimate or teasing form of address; (arch.) one's elder
Tosa (former province located in present-day Kochi Prefecture)
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
splendid horse; promoted bishop
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
current master; father of one's current master; minister (of government); noble; (arch.) nobleman's residence
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
good; advantage; sake; purpose; consequence; result
head; chief; merit; strong point; superiority; major
state (US, Australia, India, Germany, etc.); province (e.g. Canada); continent; (arch.) dear
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
honorific/polite/humble prefix
tenth day of the month; ten days
May; fifth month of the lunar calendar
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
how; in what way; how about
execution (e.g. of a plan); carrying out; practice; action; implementation; fulfillment
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
in that way; thus; so; so?
adds force or indicates command
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
to return; to come home; to leave; to get home; to get to home plate
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!