father; dad; papa; pa; pop; daddy
he; she; that person; that; that one; that thing
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to hold (in one's hand); to take; to possess; to have; to maintain; to keep; to last
human being; human; person; character (of a person)
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
fellow; guy; thing; object; he; she
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
bonze; monk; monk's dwelling; boy; son; I; me
genuine article; real thing; real deal
practice; practising; experience
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
tightly (holding on); firmly; strongly (built); solidly; properly; well
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
guest; visitor; customer; client; shopper
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
a little; a bit; just a minute; for a moment; somewhat; rather; (not) easily
one person; being alone; being by oneself; being single; being unmarried; by oneself
unreasonable; unnatural; impossible; forcible; forced; excessive (work, etc.); immoderate
-like; sort of; similar to; resembling
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
to look after; to take care of; to be put in charge of; to be given responsibility for; to withhold (an announcement); to reserve (judgment)
I see; that's right; indeed
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
eh?; what?; yes; that's correct; (arch.) strengthens a question, assertion, etc.; (arch.) hey
why?; what for?; how?; by what means?
yen (Japanese monetary unit); circle
part; portion; amount; worth (as in "two days' worth"); one's means; one's place; one's duty
small change; coins; small sum of money
although; despite; whereas; while; if only; I wish
10,000; ten thousand; myriad; everything; all; (arch.) various
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to pay (e.g. money, bill); to brush off; to wipe away; to drive away (e.g. one's competitors); to sell off (something unneeded); to dispose of; to pay (e.g. attention)
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
ordinary; common; free of charge; unaffected; as is; only
nonexistent; not being (there); not having; not