indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
a little; a bit; just a minute; for a moment; somewhat; rather; (not) easily
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
water's edge; beach; shore
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
10,000; ten thousand; myriad; everything; all; (arch.) various
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
name; given name; first name
just (e.g. "just wait here"); come now; tolerably; passably; well...; I think...
yen (Japanese monetary unit); circle
ghost; specter; spectre; apparition; phantom
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
child; kid; (one's) child; offspring; young (animal); young woman; offshoot
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
it seems; I think; I guess; right?; don't you agree?
eh?; what?; yes; that's correct; (arch.) strengthens a question, assertion, etc.; (arch.) hey
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
why?; what for?; how?; by what means?