suffix for familiar person
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
mother; mom; wife; you (of an elderly person older than the speaker); she
figure; design; twill weave; pattern of diagonal stripes; style (of writing); figure (of speech); design
Japanese league; ri; neighbourhood (under the ritsuryō system; orig. of 50 homes); unit of area (approx. 654 m by 654 m)
maiko; apprentice geisha (in Kyoto)
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
back; rear; background; behind the scenes
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen; to come about
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
warehouse; storehouse; cellar; magazine; granary; godown
house of parliament (congress, diet, etc.); graduate school; postgraduate school; institution (often medical); institutional building; sub-temple; minor temple building
way; manner; school (e.g. of flower arrangement); class; rate; flow
road; path; route; way; distance; journey; road (e.g. to victory)
head of a school (of music, dance); head family of a school
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to go around; to make a circle around; to surround; to circle; to come around (of a season, anniversary, turn, etc.); to return
head house; main family; founder (of a certain school, style, etc.); originator; birthplace
if; when; and; as well as; with; together with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.)
branch family; cadet family; establishing a branch family
sad; miserable; unhappy; sad; lamentable; deplorable
fate; destiny; connection; tie; pretext; justification
story; tale; narrative; account; fable; legend
end; conclusion; last; final; once ...; the moment ... (, that's it)
to leave (behind); to leave (undone); to not finish; to save; to set aside; to leave (to someone, esp. after one's death)
ordinary; common; free of charge; free; unaffected; as is
one; for one thing; only; (not) even; just (e.g. "just try it"); some kind of; one type of
riddle; puzzle; enigma; enigmatic; mysterious
the real criminal; true culprit
that's the way it is; yes; is that so?; is it?
indicates a question; indicates an embedded question; indicates an indirect question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm
everything; all; the whole; entirely; completely; wholly
truth; reality; truly; really; absolute truth
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
now; the present time; just now; another; more
to pass (the night); to spend; to reveal; to divulge; to prove; to verify
well, ...; right, ...; so; then; that way (would mean ...); if that is the case
name; given name; first name
occupation; profession; job; vocation; career; trade
to hear; to listen (e.g. to music); to ask; to enquire; to hear about; to hear of; to follow (advice, order, etc.)
to receive; to take; to get someone to do something; to have in one's pocket (a fight, match); to contract (a disease); to catch
yes?; no?; isn't it?; is it?