indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
suffix for familiar person
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
-ness; indicates assertion; come; come now
figure; design; twill weave; pattern of diagonal stripes; style (of writing); figure (of speech); design
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
to be seen; to be in sight; to look; to seem; to come
Japanese league; ri; neighbourhood (under the ritsuryo system; orig. of 50 homes); unit of area (approx. 654m by 654m)
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
and; and then; thus; and now; and finally
time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity
to protect; to guard; to defend; to keep (i.e. a promise); to abide (by the rules); to observe
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
maiko; apprentice geisha; dancing girl
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
event; affair; incident; case; plot; trouble
great depth; bottomless; great height
association; link; connection; pledge (esp. for marriage); promise
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
in that way; thus; so; so?
to be able (in a position) to do; to be up to the task; to be ready; to be completed; to be made; to be built; to be good at
extent; degree; limit; bounds; (span of) time; (a) distance; the state of
I see; that's right; indeed