indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
materials; data; document
career; carrier (disease, signal, warship, etc.); carrier; telephone company; career government employee
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
beginning; start; first (in line, etc.); origin; such as ...; not to mention ...
mind; heart; spirit; the meaning of a phrase (riddle, etc.)
fragment; broken piece; chip; ounce (of truth, conscience, etc.); trace; shred
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to collect; to assemble; to gather
probe; inquiry; enquiry; investigation
equipment; device; installation; stage setting
that is so; that is right; it looks to me; people say that; it is said that; I hear that
that child; that kid; that boy; (arch.) you
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
to summon; to call (e.g. phone); to convene; to invoke (e.g. subroutine); to call; to open (e.g. a file)
even if ...; even supposing that ...
truth; reality; proper; right; genuine; authentic
that's the way it is; yes; is that so?; is it?
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
nicely; properly; frequently; often; I'm glad that you ...; thank you for ...
to be aware of; to know; to notice; to feel; to understand; to comprehend; to remember
in front (of); before (e.g. a building); before; earlier; (the) front; frontal part; forward
Japanese spindle tree (Euonymus sieboldianus)
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
interval; space; valley; gorge; loophole (in a wall); crenel
to teach; to instruct; to tell; to inform; to preach
wanted; wished for; in need of; I want (you) to
how; in what way; by what means
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
now (when it is already much too late); at this stage; afresh; anew; again
by all means; at any cost; whether (one is) willing or not; willingly or unwillingly; on no account; by no means
necessary; needed; essential; necessity; need; requirement
life; life force; lifetime; lifespan; most important thing; foundation
to take (a resource, e.g. time or money); to hang; to come into view; to arrive; to come under (a contract, a tax); to start (engines, motors); to attend
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
same; identical; equal; anyway; anyhow; in either case
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
swing; shake; appearance; behaviour; pretence (pretense); show; going to restaurant, hotel etc. without a reservation or introduction