Emperor Kammu; Kammu Tenno (737-806 CE, reigning: 781-806 CE)
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
passing on to the next life; death; giving up a struggle; submission; being at one's wits' end; being flummoxed
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
earth; ground; place; territory; bottom (of a package, book, etc.); earth (one of the five elements)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to decide; to determine; to establish; to lay down; to bring peace (to); to make peaceful
than; from; out of; except; but; more
year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays
town; block; street; road; 109.09 m; 0.99 hectares
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
10,000; ten thousand; myriad; everything; all; (arch.) various
human being; human; person; character (of a person)
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
to live; to get along; to spend (time)
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
but; however; (and) yet; nevertheless; still; for all that
to wait; to await; to look forward to; to depend on; to need
for a short while; for a brief period; soon; in a short while
et cetera; etc.; or something; the likes of; for example; for instance
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
I; me; oneself; (arch.) you; (arch.) prefix indicating familiarity or contempt
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
subordination; dependency
no more than; just; only; mere; goes no further than
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to make; to produce; to prepare (food); to brew (alcohol); to raise; to grow; to till
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to talk through one's hat; to blow one's own horn
tanuki (Nyctereutes procyonoides); raccoon dog; sly dog; sly old fox; sly fox
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
to cover; to hide; to conceal; to wrap; to disguise
the heavens; the skies; celestial sphere; heavenly realm; deva realm
from time immemorial; ancient; time-honoured; time-honored
stretching a rope around; roping off; one's turf; domain; territory (of an animal)
dwelling; house; residence; den; habitat
to try to ...; to be about to do ...; to decide to ...; to take as; to treat as; to use for; to suppose that (such) is the case
to show respect for; to revere; to honour; to honor; to worship; to hold in esteem
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...