indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to keep (a pet or other animal); to have; to own; to raise; to rear; to feed
dog (Canis (lupus) familiaris); squealer; rat; loser; asshole; counterfeit
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
chip; microchip; chip (in poker, roulette, etc.); casino token; chip (shot); (wood) chip
name; given name; first name
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
cat (esp. the domestic cat, Felis catus); shamisen; geisha; wheelbarrow; clay bed-warmer; bottom; submissive partner of a homosexual relationship
bird; bird meat (esp. chicken meat); fowl; poultry
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
now; the present time; just now; another; more
today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays
house; residence; family; household; lineage; family name
mouth; opening; hole; mouth (of a bottle); spout; gate; door
tortoise; turtle; heavy drinker; turtle crest; turtle mon
chomping; gulping; with a big bite
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
to finish; to stop; to close (a business, etc.); to close down; to put away; to put back
time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity
next; following; subsequent; stage; station
concerning; regarding; per (e.g. 100 yen per person); for every
very; awfully; exceedingly; (not) at all; by no means; simply (cannot)
small; little; slight; below average (in degree, amount, etc.); low (e.g. sound); soft (e.g. voice)
family; members of a family
a lot; lots; enough; sufficient; enough; too many
to sleep (lying down); to go to bed; to lie in bed; to lie down; to sleep (with someone, i.e. have intercourse); to lie flat (e.g. of hair); to lie idle (of funds, stock, etc.)
to cry; to weep; to sob; to howl
sad; miserable; unhappy; sad; lamentable; deplorable
boy; son; baby boy; young man
one day; (on) a certain day
to ask; to inquire; to blame (someone) for; to accuse of; to care about; to regard as important
to talk; to chat; to chatter
to bite; to chew; to gnaw; to fumble one's words (esp. during a play, broadcast, etc.); to falter with one's words; to crash against (e.g. of waves); to break onto (shore)