indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
to finish; to stop; to close (a business, etc.); to close down; to put away; to put back
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
now; the present time; just now; another; more
again; once more; also; too; on the other hand; while; and
and; and then; thus; and now; and finally
today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays
et cetera; etc.; or something; the likes of; for example; for instance
time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity
house; residence; family; household; lineage; family name
nicely; properly; frequently; often; I'm glad that you ...; thank you for ...
to talk; to speak; to tell; to explain; to speak (a language)
next; following; subsequent; stage; station
(not) anything; (nothing) at all; and everything else; and all; (not) at all; (not) in the least
year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
concerning; regarding; per (e.g. 100 yen per person); for every
mouth; opening; hole; mouth (of a bottle); spout; gate; door
name; given name; first name
to take; to pick up; to pass; to hand; to get; to obtain; to adopt (a method, proposal, etc.)
very; awfully; exceedingly; (not) at all; by no means; simply (cannot)
to be able (to); to be possible (to)
small; little; slight; below average (in degree, amount, etc.); low (e.g. sound); soft (e.g. voice)
distinction; difference; separate; different; exception; exclusion
family; members of a family
a lot; lots; enough; sufficient; enough; too many
to sleep (lying down); to go to bed; to lie in bed; to lie down; to sleep (with someone, i.e. have intercourse); to lie flat (e.g. of hair); to lie idle (of funds, stock, etc.)
to cry; to weep; to sob; to howl