today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
old tale; folk tale; legend; reminiscence
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
now; the present time; just now; another; more
long ago; once upon a time
story; tale; talk; discussion
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
house; residence; family; household; lineage; family name
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
grandfather; male senior-citizen
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
grandmother; old woman; female senior citizen
to live (of humans); to reside; to inhabit; to dwell; to abide
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
wanted; wished for; in need of; I want (you) to
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
mountain; hill; mine (e.g. coal mine); heap; pile; crown (of a hat); thread (of a screw)
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
river; stream; River; the ... river
washing; laundry; relaxing; taking a break
clothes (esp. Western clothes); counter for doses of medicine, gulps of tea, drags of a cigarette, etc.
to wash; to cleanse; to inquire into; to investigate; to purify (one's heart); to lave (e.g. shore)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
above; up; top; summit; surface; before; previous
direction; way; side (of an argument, etc.); one's part; type; category; field (of study, etc.)
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
something; some; somehow; for some reason; (is there) something (you want, etc.)
to stream; to flow (liquid, time, etc.); to be washed away; to be carried; to drift; to float (e.g. clouds); to sweep (e.g. rumour, fire)
very; awfully; exceedingly; (not) at all; by no means; simply (cannot)
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
to be surprised; to be amazed; to be frightened; surprise (e.g. surprise party)
to be surprised; to be astonished
liked; well-liked; in love (with); loved; faddism; eccentricity