at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
grandmother; old woman; female senior citizen
Onigashima; island of ogres (in Japanese folklore)
ogre; demon; spirit of a deceased person; ogre-like person (i.e. fierce, relentless, merciless, etc.); it (in a game of tag, hide-and-seek, etc.); Chinese "ghost" constellation (one of the 28 mansions); very
grandfather; male senior-citizen
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
sweet dumpling made with mochi flour and (sometimes) millet flour (famous product of Okayama); millet dumplings
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
river; stream; River; the ... river
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
gem; jewel; precious stone
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
together (with); at the same time; in a lump
mountain; hill; mine (e.g. coal mine); heap; pile; crown (of a hat); thread (of a screw)
to throw down; to bring down; to kill; to defeat; to overthrow; to trip up
dog (Canis (lupus) familiaris); squealer; rat; loser; asshole; counterfeit
monkey (esp. the Japanese macaque, Macaca fuscata); ape; sly person; idiot; hick; sliding wooden bolt (for holding a door or window shut); clasp used to control the height of a pot-hook
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
and; and then; thus; and now; and finally
to hold (in one's hand); to take; to possess; to have; to maintain; to keep; to last
house; residence; family; household; lineage; family name
to meet; to encounter; to see; to have an accident; to have a bad experience
to live (of humans); to reside; to inhabit; to dwell; to abide
dango; dumpling (usu. sweet); ball-shaped object; something round; lump; group
green pheasant (Phasianus versicolor); Japanese pheasant
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
to hear; to listen (e.g. to music); to ask; to enquire; to hear about; to hear of; to follow (advice, order, etc.)
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few