today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at; in; at; when; by; with; so
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
manners; etiquette; polite behaviour
about; on; regarding; per; for every
story; tale; talk; discussion
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
book; volume; this; present; main; head; real
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
a lot; lots; enough; sufficient; enough; too many
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen; to come about
bookshelves; bookshelf; bookcase
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
bookstore; bookshop; publisher; main building
Mr; Mrs; Miss; politeness marker
to be (in contrast to something that is not the case)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to pay (e.g. money, bill); to brush off; to wipe away; to drive away (e.g. one's competitors); to sell off (something unneeded); to dispose of; to pay (e.g. attention)
to buy; to purchase; to value (highly); to think highly of; to incur (someone's anger, displeasure, etc.); to elicit (e.g. sneers)
place; location; room; space; sumo tournament
to borrow; to rent; to hire; to make use of (another's help, wisdom, etc.); to obtain; to use (for another purpose)
to return (something); to restore; to turn over; to turn upside down; to pay back; to retaliate; to respond (with)
bad; wrong; must not (do, be); should not; useless; no good; hopeless
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; penis; (one's) thing
indicates a question; indicates an embedded question; indicates an indirect question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm
first (of all); firstly; probably; most likely; more or less (satisfactory); on the whole
one-eyed; first (in a series); initial
carrying (on one's person or in the hand); mobile phone; cell phone
to use (a tool, method, etc.); to make use of; to use (a person, animal, puppet, etc.); to employ; to use (time, money, etc.); to spend
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
hello (e.g. on phone); excuse me! (when calling out to someone)
telephone call; phone call; telephone (device); phone
no; you're welcome; not at all; don't mention it
to go; to move (towards); to move through; to travel across; to go (well, badly, etc.); to proceed; to do (in a particular way)
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
hamburger (in a bun); burger
juice; soft drink (usu. fruit-based); sweetened drink
to eat; to live on (e.g. a salary); to live off; to subsist on
to drink; to swallow; to smoke (tobacco); to swallow up; to engulf; to suppress (one's anger, bitter feelings, etc.); to keep down
three; three years of age
eye; eyeball; eyesight; sight; look; stare; notice