indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
hina doll; doll displayed during the Girls' Festival
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
house; residence; family; household; lineage; family name
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
girl; daughter; baby girl; young woman
illness (usu. excluding minor ailments, e.g. common cold); disease; bad habit; bad behaviour; crazy; insane
step; stair; grade; rank; counter for breaks in written language (or speech, etc.); dan
Hinamatsuri (March 3); Girls' Festival; Dolls' Festival
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
day; days; sun; sunshine; (the) day; daytime; date
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
to put; to place; to leave (behind); to establish (an organization, a facility, a position, etc.); to set up; to appoint (someone to a certain position); to hire
lively; full of spirit; energetic; healthy; well; fit
all; entire; whole; altogether
daughter; girl (i.e. a young, unmarried woman)
flower; blossom; cherry blossom; beauty; blooming (esp. of cherry blossoms); ikebana; hanafuda
boy; son; baby boy; young man
accident; incident; trouble; circumstances; reasons
to decorate; to ornament; to display; to exhibit; to mark (e.g. the day with a victory); to adorn (e.g. the front page)
health; healthy; sound; fit
flute; fife; pipe; whistle
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
also; too; not ... either; (it's not possible) no matter what; although one might wish otherwise
in order to (e.g. meet goal); so that; take care (so as); hoping or wishing for something
today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays
et cetera; etc.; or something; the likes of; for example; for instance
inside; within; while (e.g. one is young); during; among; amongst; in (secret, chaos, poverty, etc.)
to protect; to guard; to defend; to keep (i.e. a promise); to abide (by the rules); to observe