indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
also; too; not ... either; (it's not possible) no matter what; although one might wish otherwise
in order to (e.g. meet goal); so that; take care (so as); hoping or wishing for something
good; advantage; sake; purpose; consequence; result
to hold (in one's hand); to take; to possess; to have; to maintain; to keep; to last
today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays
et cetera; etc.; or something; the likes of; for example; for instance
house; residence; family; household; lineage; family name
bad; poor; poor (quality); inferior; evil; sinful; ugly
everyone; everybody; all; everything; all
inside; within; while (e.g. one is young); during; among; amongst; in (secret, chaos, poverty, etc.)
child; kid; (one's) child; offspring; young (animal); young woman; offshoot
day; days; sun; sunshine; (the) day; daytime; date
to put; to place; to leave (behind); to establish (an organization, a facility, a position, etc.); to set up; to appoint (someone to a certain position); to hire
to protect; to guard; to defend; to keep (i.e. a promise); to abide (by the rules); to observe
very; awfully; exceedingly; (not) at all; by no means; simply (cannot)
below; down; bottom; beneath; underneath; just after; right after
lively; full of spirit; energetic; healthy; well; fit
number one; first; best; most; game; round
one person; being alone; being by oneself; being single; being unmarried; by oneself
all; entire; whole; altogether
daughter; girl (i.e. a young, unmarried woman)