indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
now; the present time; just now; another; more
as a child; when one was a child; childhood
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity
liked; well-liked; in love (with); loved; faddism; eccentricity
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
person; someone; human beings; mankind; human (Homo sapiens); (other) people; others
indicates word or phrase being defined; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); with; (not) as much as; (not) so much as; the fact that
to make; to produce; to prepare (food); to brew (alcohol); to raise; to grow; to till
approximately; about; to (about) the extent that; (almost) enough that; as ... as ...; like
to be (in contrast to something that is not the case)
cooking; cookery; cuisine; dealing with something; handling; administration
various; all sorts of; variety of; (arch.) various colors (colours)
dog (Canis (lupus) familiaris); squealer; rat; loser; asshole; counterfeit
to come true (of a wish, prayer, etc.); to be realized; to suit (e.g. a purpose); to meet (wishes, ideals, etc.); to match (implies competition); to rival
dream for the future; hopes for the future
veterinarian; veterinary surgeon; vet
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine