indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
grilling on a skewer; spit-roasting
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to eat; to live on (e.g. a salary); to live off; to subsist on
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
cloudy sky; overcast sky; cloudy weather
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to look up at; to raise one's eyes; to look up to; to admire; to respect
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
to sigh; to breathe a sigh
circumference; girth; surroundings; neighbourhood; people surrounding oneself; surrounding circumstances
myself; yourself; I; me; you
until now; so far; up to the present
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
inside; interior; among; within; middle; center; during
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
beautiful; pretty; lovely; sweet; pure (heart, friendship, etc.)
gorgeous; gaudy; dazzling; gay; resplendent
the world; society; sphere; circle; world-renowned; world-famous
and; and then; thus; and now; and finally
miasma; noxious form of "bad air" formerly believed to cause diseases
to wriggle; to squirm; to crawl like a worm
to become muddy; to become cloudy; to become dull (of a sound, color, etc.); to become hoarse; to become impure (of a heart, society, etc.); to be corrupted
dregs; lees; grounds; sediment
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
one's father; one's old man; middle-aged (or older) man; old man; one's boss; proprietor (of a restaurant, store, etc.)
cooked rice; meal; food; one's living; livelihood
to eat; to live; to make a living; to bite; to sting (as insects do); to tease; to torment
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
don't you think?; indicates question
the other day; a few days ago
to search for; to look for; to hunt for; to search (a house, pocket, etc.); to search through; to rummage in (e.g. a drawer)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to go out (e.g. on an excursion or outing); to leave; to depart; to be about to leave; to be just going out
to meet (by chance); to come across; to meet (e.g. of rivers, highways, etc.); to emerge and engage (an enemy)
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
one; 1; best; first; foremost; beginning; start
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
name; given name; title; fame; renown; pretext