from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to receive; to get; to catch (e.g. a ball); to be struck by (wind, waves, sunlight, etc.); to sustain (damage); to incur (a loss); to undergo (e.g. surgery)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
father (esp. used in samurai families prior to the Meiji period)
call; summons; usher who calls the names of wrestlers, sweeps the ring, etc.; telephone number at which a person without a telephone can be reached; (arch.) box-shaped area containing clean water for rinsing oneself (in an Edo-period bathhouse); (arch.) high-ranking prostitute in the Yoshiwara district (Edo period); (arch.) unlicensed prostitute in the Fukagawa red-light district (Edo period)
to eat; to drink; to receive (e.g. a blow); to be on the receiving end (of something undesirable); to undergo (trouble)
to summon; to call (e.g. phone); to convene; to invoke (e.g. subroutine); to call; to open (e.g. a file)
Leo (constellation); the Lion
to call out (to); to call; to summon (a doctor, etc.); to invite; to designate; to name; to garner (support, etc.)
today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
come; come now; well; who knows; well now; let's see
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
order; command; directions; instructions
to protect; to guard; to defend; to keep (i.e. a promise); to abide (by the rules); to observe
intention; plan; belief; assumption; estimate; estimation
but; however; (and) yet; nevertheless; still; for all that
dignity; grace; nobility; grade; quality; fineness
to keep; to preserve; to hold; to last; to endure; to keep well (food)
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
indication; denotation; designation; instructions; directions
to tear; to rip; to break through (cordon, opponent's defense, etc.); to breach; to defeat; to beat; to break (e.g. silence)
that is to say; that is; in short; in brief; clogging; obstruction; shrinkage
in that way; thus; so; so?
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to concern; to be related
I've heard that ...; rumour has it that ...; it appears as if ...
to think (about, of); to think over; to consider; to bear in mind; to think (that); to believe; to intend (to do)
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
common gull (Larus canus); mew gull; gull (Laridae spp.); seagull
oath; pledge; pact; covenant; alliance
relation; connection; relevance
(some) more; even more; longer; further
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
that; the matter in question
concerning; regarding; per (e.g. 100 yen per person); for every