indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
town; block; downtown; main street; street; road
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
ten; 10; ten years of age
unit; denomination; credit (in school); in units of (e.g. "in thousands"); in amounts of
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
20 years old; (arch.) twenty
extent; degree; limit; bounds; (span of) time; (a) distance; the state of
to be separated; to be apart; to leave; to go away; to leave (a job, etc.); to quit
place; location; room; space; basho; wrestling tournament
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
in addition; furthermore; above (which); on top of (which)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
always; all the time; never; usual; regular
to descend (e.g. a mountain); to go down; to alight (e.g. from bus); to get off; to step down; to retire; to be granted
moreover; furthermore; nevertheless; and yet
inclination; slant; slope; bevel; list; dip
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
mostly; nearly; practically; well-nigh; almost invariably; all but
near; close; close (in time); soon; close (relationship); friendly
to lay hands on; to touch; to care for; to look after; to make off with; to steal
protuberance; projection; prominence; bump; boss; process
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
few; a little; scarce; insufficient; seldom
that is to say; that is; in short; in brief; clogging; obstruction; shrinkage
off the top of one's head; from thin air; from memory
to fly; to soar; to jump; to leap; to spatter; to scatter; to hurry
limit; limits; degree; extent; the end; the last; as long as ...
to arrive at (after a struggle); to finally reach; to find one's way to; to finally hit on (e.g. an idea)
I've heard that ...; rumour has it that ...; it appears as if ...
such; that sort of; that kind of; no way!; never!
to be erected; to be built
entrance; entry; gate; approach; mouth
above; up; top; summit; surface; before; previous
this sort of; this kind of; like this; such
signboard; sign; draw; attraction; reputation (of a shop); name
to put up (a notice, sign, etc.); to hang out (e.g. a banner); to hold up high; to raise overhead; to tout (a principle, plan, etc.); to herald; to publish
sorcery; black magic; netherworld; world outside the six realms where evil spirits roam
secondhand bookshop; antiquarian bookshop