indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
memory; recollection; remembrance; storage
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to lose; to miss (a change, opportunity); to lose (a loved one); to be bereaved of; to concede (goals, points, etc.)
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to pass (of time); to elapse
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
comparatively; relatively; unexpectedly; unusually; considering; for one's ...
to turn one's hand to; to reach out one's hand; to get involved in; to make a move on; to strike; to beat
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
married couple; husband and wife; man and wife; his and hers; pair of objects, one larger (for man), one smaller (for woman)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
that being the case; because of ...; the reason is ...; given that ...
just (now); quite (near); unintentionally; subconsciously
worry; concern; anxiety; care; help; aid
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
to hear; to listen (e.g. to music); to ask; to enquire; to hear about; to hear of; to follow (advice, order, etc.)
to finish; to stop; to close (a business, etc.); to close down; to put away; to put back
rather; better; instead; if anything
funny; amusing; strange; odd; improper; unsuitable
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
honorific/polite/humble prefix; honorific suffix
woman; lady; adult female
ordinary; common; free of charge; unaffected; as is; only
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to blur; to shade off; to gradate; to obscure; to make ambiguous
talk; speech; topic; subject; discussions; negotiation; rumor
limit; limits; degree; extent; the end; the last; as long as ...
going to bed; retiring (for the night)
in front (of); before (e.g. a building); before; earlier; (the) front; frontal part; forward
nightcap; a drink before sleeping
on the occasion of; circumstances; juncture
weak; frail; delicate; tender; unskilled; weak (wine)