indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
twelve; 12; queen (playing card)
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
name; given name; first name
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to be lucky; to be in luck; to be attached; to have; to be included
light; illumination; ray; happiness; hope; influence
rain and wind; driving rain
-itis (indicating an inflammatory disease)
lightning; thunder; god of thunder; god of lightning; anger; fit of anger
truth; reality; sincerity; honesty; content; substance
darkness; the dark; bewilderment; despair; hidden place; secrecy
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
new; novel; fresh; recent; latest; up-to-date
the New Year begins; the New Year starts
now; the present time; just now; another; more
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
by the way; in this connection; incidentally; in passing
when it comes to ...; if one were to speak of ...; by ... you mean ...; when you say ... you mean that ...; whenever ...; if it's ... then (without fail)
usually; ordinarily; always; continuous; 24-hour (operation, care, etc.); constant
slightly; lightly; thinly; faintly; dimly
to pile up; to accumulate; to estimate
that being the case; because of ...; the reason is ...; given that ...
as (for); for; in the capacity of
Hokkaido (island, prefectural-level administrative unit)
not exceeding; and downward; below (e.g. standard); under (e.g. a level); the below-mentioned; the following
not less than; ... and over; beyond (e.g. one's expectations); above; above-mentioned; aforementioned
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
feeling; sense; impression
don't you think?; indicates question
just (e.g. "just wait here"); come now; tolerably; passably; well...; I think...
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
townscape; street (of stores and houses); (look of) stores and houses on street
itself; one's own body; oneself; originally; naturally