indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
extramarital sex; affair; fooling around; infidelity; wantonness; unfaithfulness
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
that; that thing; that person; then; that time; that place (over there); down there (i.e. one's genitals)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
surprise; astonishment; wonder; amazement
day; days; sun; sunshine; (the) day; daytime; date
nothing but; none other than
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to summon; to call (e.g. phone); to convene; to invoke (e.g. subroutine); to call; to open (e.g. a file)
house (e.g. of Tokugawa); family
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
to go; to come; to turn out (at a meeting, event, etc.); to show up; to make your way to
so; therefore; accordingly; like I said; I told you already
of late; lately; this part; this point; here
other (place, thing, person); the rest; outside; beyond; nothing except; nothing but
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
conversation; conference (usu. between important people); discussion; interview
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
to collect; to gather; to save; to accumulate; to pile up
seeming ...; appearing ...; -ish; like a ...; typical of ...
(in a) long time; long time (ago); while (ago); long ago; long while (ago); (in a) long while
tea (usu. green); tea break (at work); tea ceremony
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
to drink; to gulp; to smoke (tobacco); to engulf; to overwhelm; to keep down; to suppress
while; during; while; although; all; both
idle complaint; grumble; moha (ignorance, folly)
to hear; to listen (e.g. to music); to ask; to enquire; to hear about; to hear of; to follow (advice, order, etc.)
to receive; to take; to get somebody to do something; to have in one's pocket (a fight, match); to contract (a disease); to catch
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
talk; speech; topic; subject; discussions; negotiation; rumor
promise; agreement; convention; rule; destiny; fate
in comparison to; rather than
small quantity; little; little while; short distance
fast; quick; early (in the day, etc.); premature; (too) soon; not yet
to stick through; to force through; to spread throughout; to thoroughly diffuse; to make a path between two points; to proceed in a logical manner; to let pass