epidemic; plague; pestilence
measure; step; countermeasure; counterplan; countermove; strategy
ox carriage (for Heian era nobles); oxcart
remodeling; remodelling; restructuring; modding
village; hamlet; countryside; country
1,000,000; one million; million; many
certificate; certified document; (the) thumbs up; seal of approval; paper with signature of the shogun or lord
to make a mess of; to sacrifice; to waste
elegance; dandyism; sophistication; affectation; showing off; putting on an air
new rice field; newly developed rice field; wasteland or marshland newly reclaimed as a rice field (Edo period)
development; exploitation
to turn up; to roll up (e.g. sleeves); to do over and over again; to do relentlessly; to stage a comeback (against) (in mahjong, horse racing, etc.); to come from behind
10,000; ten thousand; myriad; everything; all; (arch.) various
Bakumatsu period; closing days of the Tokugawa shogunate; end of the Edo period
to cross over; to cross; to pass through; to exceed; to surpass; to be more (than)
(crop) yield; stipend (orig. assessed on the basis of a crop); salary
stepping (in place); stamping (up and down); stomping; standstill; stalemate
equation; formula; ceremony; style; (arch.) enforcement regulations (of the ritsuryo)
pumping up water (e.g. to a high place for energy storage)
device; instrument; vessel; container; ability; capacity
early (days); initial stage; initial
far from; anything but; not at all; let alone; to say nothing of; not to mention
peace; tranquility; tranquillity; Heian period (794-1185)
to go upstream; to go back (in time, to origin); to date back to; to trace back to
leadership; initiative; spearhead
to be complete; to be all present; to be equal; to be uniform; to gather; to assemble
development; evolution; expansion; spreading out; expansion (of an algebraic expression); development (of a three-dimensional shape)
retainer; retinue; servant
going through; going via; going by way of
to explain; to advocate; to preach; to persuade
ancient times; distant past; antiquity
paddy administered directly by a ruler (historical)
to go out of use; to become obsolete; to die out; to go out of fashion
one's possessions; ownership
action of making something; -ification
to advance; to go forward; to precede; to go ahead (of); to make progress; to improve; to deepen
income; receipts; revenue