indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
exile; banishment; eviction; elimination (e.g. of poverty); removal
disposal; throwing away; dealing with (a problem); measure; punishment; penalty
to try to ...; to be about to do ...; to decide to ...; to take as; to treat as; to use for; to suppose that (such) is the case
now; the present time; just now; another; more
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to say; to speak; to tell; to talk
count; earl; chief official of the Department of Worship; (arch.) eldest brother; Brazil; Brazilian
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
language; dialect; word; phrase; speech; (manner of) speaking
meaning; significance; sense
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
to ask again; to repeat one's question; to ask back; to ask in return; to counter
memory; sense; experience
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to summon; to call (e.g. phone); to convene; to invoke (e.g. subroutine); to call; to open (e.g. a file)
to announce; to tell; to sentence; to order
things like; something like; someone like; such a thing as; (the fact) that; to think that
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
territory (of country, feudal domain, etc.); (arch.) counter for suits of clothing, sets of armor, etc.
Metropolis (of Tokyo); (Tokyo) Metropolitan District; counter for cities and towns; capital
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
residence; estate; grounds; premises; mansion
and; and then; thus; and now; and finally
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
follower; attendant; valet; servant
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
a few years ago; some years back
orphan; person without friends
to pick up; to find; to gather
to receive; to take; to get somebody to do something; to have in one's pocket (a fight, match); to contract (a disease); to catch
magic; witchcraft; sorcery; spell
arm; skill; efforts; ability
to make (the best) use of; to put to good use; to let live; to keep alive; to revive; to resuscitate
to work; to labor; to function; to operate; to commit (e.g. a crime); to perpetrate