indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
furnished with; including; attached to; impression; appearance; luck; sociality
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
figure; form; appearance; dress; state; condition
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
always; all the time; never; usual; regular
travelling incognito (traveling); special palanquin for carrying a daimyo or his wife incognito
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
(in a) long time; long time (ago); while (ago); long ago; long while (ago); (in a) long while
castle town; city in Japan that developed around the castle of a feudal lord
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to visit; to call on; to arrive (season, time, situation, etc.); to come; (arch.) to make a sound; (arch.) to send a letter
because ...; for ...; the reason being ...; as for ...; when it comes to ...; regarding ...
meeting; conference; session; assembly; council; convention
going into battle; departure for the front
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
expedition; (military) campaign; tour (by a sports team, performer, etc.); visit
preparation; arrangements; getting ready; provision; setup; reserving
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to do nothing but; to spend all one's time doing
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
behind; rear; after; later; remainder; the rest; more (e.g. five more minutes)
very; awfully; exceedingly; (not) at all; by no means; simply (cannot)
worry; concern; anxiety; care; help; aid
older brother; elder brother
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
a lot; lots; enough; sufficient; enough; too many
to get angry; to get mad; to tell someone off; to scold; to be angular; to be square
brush tip; first on a list; head; chief
also; too; not ... either; (it's not possible) no matter what; although one might wish otherwise
tedious; boring; being fed up with
extent; degree; limit; bounds; (span of) time; (a) distance; the state of
sermon; preaching; remonstration; scolding; lecturing
thoroughly; completely; severely; harshly; (arch.) scattered; (arch.) disconnected
time; hour; period; class
to pass (time); to spend; to overdo (esp. of one's alcohol consumption); to drink (alcohol); (arch.) to take care of; (arch.) to support
schedule; program; programme; agenda
preparations for a journey
and; and then; thus; and now; and finally
equation; formula; ceremony; style; (arch.) enforcement regulations (of the ritsuryo)