indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
magic; witchcraft; sorcery; spell
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
in that way; thus; so; so?
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
and; and then; thus; and now; and finally
but; however; (and) yet; nevertheless; still; for all that
white; innocence; innocent person; blank space; white go stone; white dragon tile; skewered grilled pig intestine
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
sword (esp. a large, double-edged one); blade; bayonet; swordsmanship; stinger; ovipositor
prince; subordinate Kumano shrine
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
black; black go stone; guilt; guilty person
equation; formula; ceremony; style; (arch.) enforcement regulations (of the ritsuryo)
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
myself; yourself; I; me; you
language; dialect; word; phrase; speech; (manner of) speaking
like; similar to; as with; in the same way
good; advantage; sake; purpose; consequence; result
to hold (in one's hand); to take; to possess; to have; to maintain; to keep; to last
castle town; city in Japan that developed around the castle of a feudal lord
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
always; all the time; never; usual; regular
while; even though; despite