new; novel; fresh; recent; latest; up-to-date
year; age; years; past one's prime; old age
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to go out to meet; to receive; to welcome; to accept (e.g. as a member of a group or family); to call for; to summon
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
by means of; due to; because of; according to
to repaint; to paint again; to break (a record); to rewrite; to remake
large country; major nation; great power; province of the highest rank (ritsuryo system)
royal capital; imperial capital
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
banquet or reception hall
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
all present; all concerned; all of us
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
attendance; presence; appearance
pattern; figure; state; condition; conjecture of the current situation; the way it seems; model
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
beginning; outset; first; onset
to perform; to do; to conduct oneself; to carry out
to celebrate; to congratulate; to present (a gift) in celebration; to drink in celebration; to wish for (a happy future, good fortune, etc.); to pray for
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
not only ... (but also); not just; as well as
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
family; members of a family
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
grand; magnificent; lavish; forceful; powerful; vigorous
everyone; anyone; no one; nobody
friendly chat; pleasant chat; lighthearted talk; friendly conversation
equation; formula; ceremony; style; (arch.) enforcement regulations (of the ritsuryo)