indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
town; block; downtown; main street; street; road
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to begin; to start; to happen (again); to begin (anew); to date (from); to originate (in)
fifth day of the month; five days
eye; eyeball; eyesight; sight; look; stare; notice
today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to appear; to come in sight; to become visible; to be expressed (e.g. emotions); to become apparent (e.g. trends, effects)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
horse; horse racing; promoted bishop
to jump down; to jump off; to jump from; to jump out of
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to jump in; to leap in; to plunge into; to burst in; to barge in
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
to get on (train, plane, bus, ship, etc.); to get in; to get on (e.g. a footstool); to step on; to reach; to go over; to follow
as it is; as one likes; because; condition; state
everyone; everybody; all; everything; all
strengthening; intensifying; reinforcement; enhancement; solidification
magic; witchcraft; sorcery; spell
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to hang up (e.g. a coat, a picture on the wall); to let hang; to put on (e.g. a blanket); to put on top of; to put on (glasses, etc.); to wear (a necklace, etc.); to make (a call)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
defeating in an instant; instant kill
one's turn; one's shift; one's turn on stage; screen time; screentime
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
together (with); at the same time; in a lump
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
happy; glad; pleased; joyful; delightful; gratifying
to meet (by chance); to come across; to meet (e.g. of rivers, highways, etc.); to emerge and engage (an enemy)
demon; devil; evil spirit; monster; goblin; apparition
suffix for familiar person
cat (esp. the domestic cat, Felis catus); shamisen; geisha; wheelbarrow; clay bed-warmer; bottom; submissive partner of a homosexual relationship