indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
tree; shrub; bush; wood; timber
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to breathe out; to breathe; to tell (a lie); to use (foul language); to vomit; to throw up
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
foot; paw; leg; gait; pace; bottom structural component (i.e. radical) of a kanji; means of transportation
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to move; to stir; to operate; to run; to make a move; to take action; to be touched
fatigue; weariness; exhaustion; tiredness
good; advantage; sake; purpose; consequence; result
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
certainly; of course; even if; no matter (who, what, when, where, why, how); without even; without so much as; at the (least, earliest, etc.)
to pass through; to pass by; to pass (of time); to elapse; to have expired; to have ended; to exceed
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to cut off; to cut up; to tear to pieces
armpit; under one's arm; beside; close to; aside; to the side; off-track
abdomen; belly; womb; one's mind; one's real intentions; courage; nerve
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
to tie; to restrain; to confine; to bind; to fasten
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
state; state of affairs; appearance; look; sign; indication
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
failure; mistake; blunder
illness (usu. excluding minor ailments, e.g. common cold); disease; bad habit; bad behaviour; crazy; insane
to be dying; to be about to die; to be close to death
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
parent; parents; dealer (in cards, mahjong, etc.); banker; founder; inventor; (pet) owner
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
request; commission; entrusting (with a matter); dependence; reliance
specific medicine; wonder drug; silver bullet
picking; collecting; harvesting
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
but; however; (and) yet; nevertheless; still; for all that
if; in case; as for; on the topic of; if that's the case; if so
shallow; superficial; slight (wound); light (sleep); short (time); early