indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
language; dialect; word; phrase; speech; (manner of) speaking
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
direction; way; side (of an argument, etc.); one's part; type; category; field (of study, etc.)
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to feel; to sense; to experience
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
sometime; someday; one day; some time or other; the other day; in due course
dear; desired; missed; longed-for; nostalgic
the world; society; sphere; circle; world-renowned; world-famous
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to turn back (e.g. half-way); to return; to go back; to recover (e.g. something lost); to be returned; to rebound
don't you think?; indicates question
outside; exterior; the open (air); other place; somewhere else
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
hustle and bustle; throng; crowd; congestion; traffic jam
sound; noise; note; fame; Chinese-derived character reading
to be heard; to be audible; to be said to be; to be reputed
small quantity; little; little while; short distance
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
various; all sorts of; variety of; (arch.) various colors (colours)
to obtain; to come into possession of; to get hold of; to get one's hands on
and; besides; because; since; the thing is; for one thing
true character; true form; true colors (colours); consciousness; one's senses
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
magic; witchcraft; sorcery; spell
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to buy; to purchase; to value; to have a high opinion; to stir; to provoke
time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity
morning; breakfast; (arch.) next morning
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
spirit; mind; nature; disposition; motivation; intention
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...