indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
again; once more; also; too; on the other hand; while; and
talk; speech; topic; subject; discussions; negotiation; rumor
man; male; fellow; guy; male lover; boyfriend
et cetera; etc.; or something; the likes of; for example; for instance
than; from; out of; except; but; more
human being; human; person; character (of a person)
to make; to produce; to prepare (food); to brew (alcohol); to raise; to grow; to till
to call out (to); to call; to summon (a doctor, etc.); to invite; to designate; to name; to garner (support, etc.)
by means of; due to; because of; according to
day; days; sun; sunshine; (the) day; daytime; date
year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
to protect; to guard; to defend; to keep (i.e. a promise); to abide (by the rules); to observe
(for something) to have occurred; to have done (something); (for something) to happen on occasion
to convey; to report; to transmit; to communicate; to tell; to impart
medium; average; moderation; middle school; China; volume two (of three); during (a certain time when one did or is doing something)
water (esp. cool, fresh water, e.g. drinking water); fluid (esp. in an animal tissue); liquid; flood; floodwaters; water offered to wrestlers just prior to a bout
state; condition; situation; appearance; circumstances
large; big; great; prominent; -sized; as big as; university
to begin; to start; to happen (again); to begin (anew); to date (from); to originate (in)
part; portion; amount; worth (as in "two days' worth"); one's means; one's place; one's duty
to work; to labor; to function; to operate; to commit (e.g. a crime); to perpetrate
to live (of humans); to reside; to inhabit; to dwell; to abide
daughter; girl (i.e. a young, unmarried woman)
country; state; region; national government; central government; home (i.e. hometown, home country); (arch.) province (of Japan)
as a matter of fact; by the way; to tell you the truth; to be honest; frankly
to appear; to come in sight; to become visible; to be expressed (e.g. emotions); to become apparent (e.g. trends, effects)
everything; all; the whole; entirely; completely; wholly
promise; agreement; convention; rule; destiny; fate