reality; actuality; hard fact
cold-hearted; callous; unfeeling; insentient (objects); insensate; inanimate
declaration of war; proclamation of war
first day of the month; (arch.) first ten days of the lunar month
China; Han dynasty (China, 202 BCE-220 CE); Han (majority Chinese ethnic group); man
both armies; both teams; both sides
military of the Empire of Japan
to dedicate; to make an offering; to supply; to store; to finish; to bring to a close; to restore (something to its place)
exclusion; removal; rejection; elimination; abatement; lifting (sanctions, etc.)
force; vigor; influence; authority; impetus; momentum
to be attached; to be connected with; to remain imprinted; to scar; to bear (fruit, interest, etc.); to be acquired (of a habit, ability, etc.); to increase (of strength, etc.)
Qing dynasty (China, 1644-1912); Ch'ing dynasty; Manchu dynasty
national border; provincial border
duck; easy mark; sucker; sitting duck
green; greenery (esp. fresh verdure)
(arch.) large river (esp. the Yangtze); Lake Biwa
reaching; attaining; arrival
such ... as; or some such
for the first time; only after ... is it ...; only when ... do you ...; first time; (one's) first
inexperienced; unfamiliar (with); unversed; lacking experience
exhaustion; consumption; using up; dissipation; waste
prior; beforehand; in advance; before the fact; ex ante
hypothesis; supposition; assumption
to drag along; to pull; to force someone along; to prolong; to drag out; to influence strongly
to compare; to make a comparison; to compete; to vie
to be seen; to be in sight; to look; to seem; to come
internal conditions; true state of affairs
(not) always; (not) necessarily; (not) entirely; (not) all
the four social classes (samurai, farmers, artisans, merchants); the masses
equality; impartiality; evenness
hierarchy of samurai, farmers, artisans, and merchants in Edo society
people (of a country); nation; citizen; national
standard; basis; principle
appropriate use of human resources; personnel utilization
educational or school system
everyone; everybody; all; everything; all
learning; scholarship; study; study of ...; -ology; -ics
edict; ordinance; proclamation
concrete; definite; specific; material; substantial