Mutsu (former province located in present-day Fukushima, Miyagi, Iwate, and Aomori prefectures)
country; state; region; national government; central government; home (i.e. hometown, home country); (arch.) province (of Japan)
meeting; assembly; party; society; association; club
Tsu (city in Mie); harbour; harbor; ferry
Matsudaira Katamori (1835-1893)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
February; second month of the lunar calendar
fifteenth day of the month; fifteen days
Tenpō era (1830.12.10-1844.12.2)
December; twelfth month of the lunar calendar
twenty-ninth day of the month; twenty-nine days
morality; righteousness; meaning; teachings; doctrine; nonconsanguineous relationship (i.e. of in-laws)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
to try to ...; to be about to do ...; to decide to ...; to take as; to treat as; to use for; to suppose that (such) is the case
to be born; to come into this world
(period of) a year; during an era
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
large; big; great; prominent; -sized; as big as; university
salt; common salt; hardship; toil; saltiness; cold
et cetera; etc.; or something; the likes of; for example; for instance
feudal system of the shogunate and domains
shaking; trembling; pitching; disturbance; unrest; agitation
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to begin; to start; to happen (again); to begin (anew); to date (from); to originate (in)
Morrison; Mollison; Morison; Moryson
number; edition; sobriquet; pen-name; size (of printing types, canvases, knitting needles, etc.); suffix attached to names of ships, trains, airplanes, etc.
event; affair; incident; case; plot; trouble
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
influence; power; might; strength; potency; force
more and more; all the more; at last; finally; (at the) last moment; worst possible time
to approach; to draw near; to be imminent; to press (someone for something); to urge; to compel
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
period; epoch; the times; those days; oldness; ancientness
Sekigahara (battle site, 1600); decisive battle; critical battle
throughout; over a period of ...; over a span of ...
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
domination; rule; direction; management; control (e.g. over one's emotions); determining (e.g. one's fate)
Edo shogunate (1603-1867)
loose; slack; gentle (slope, curve); slow (speed); lenient; liberal