indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
army; armed forces; military authorities; team; group
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
good; advantage; sake; purpose; consequence; result
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
United Kingdom; Britain; Great Britain; England
by means of; due to; because of; according to
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
to descend (e.g. a mountain); to go down; to alight (e.g. from bus); to get off; to step down; to retire; to be granted
(United States of) America; United States; US; America (land mass); the Americas
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
(former) Imperial Japanese Navy
as (i.e. in the role of); for (i.e. from the viewpoint of); apart from... (used to change the topic); even (e.g. "not even a single person"); thinking that...; trying to...
equation; formula; ceremony; style; (arch.) enforcement regulations (of the ritsuryo)
Soviet Union; Union of Soviet Socialist Republics; USSR
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
to have been decided (so) that; to have been arranged (so) that; to be the result (of); to be the outcome; to be the reason (for)
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
model; type (e.g. of machine, goods, etc.); type; style; mold (mould); template; kata (standard form of a movement, posture, etc. in martial arts, sport, etc.)
military of the Empire of Japan
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
et cetera; etc.; or something; the likes of; for example; for instance
force; unit; corps; squad; troops; party
to try to ...; to be about to do ...; to decide to ...; to take as; to treat as; to use for; to suppose that (such) is the case