indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
in front (of); before (e.g. a building); before; earlier; (the) front; frontal part; forward
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
(present) head of a family
room; chamber; apartment; flat; stable
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to summon; to call (e.g. phone); to convene; to invoke (e.g. subroutine); to call; to open (e.g. a file)
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
emergency; extraordinary; unusual
disagreeable; detestable; unpleasant; reluctant
presentiment; premonition; hunch; to have a premonition; to have a hunch
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to enter; to go into; to break into; to join; to enroll; to contain; to hold
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
mother-in-law; foster mother; step mother
younger brother; little brother; brother-in-law (spouse's younger brother or younger sister's husband); (arch.) pupil; (arch.) apprentice
to lie in wait (for); to be on the watch (for); to wait (for); to watch (for)
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
with the exception of; excepting; excluding
also; too; not ... either; (it's not possible) no matter what; although one might wish otherwise
samurai on horseback; (medieval) knight
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
steward; butler; court official; deacon (Anglican, Lutheran, etc.)
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
inside; interior; among; within; middle; center; during
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
thought; imagination; mind; desire; wish; love
strong; potent; strong; brawny; good (at); skilled; being able to handle
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
from the standpoint of; as a matter of (e.g. fact); aboard (a ship or vehicle); on top of; first volume (e.g. book); superior quality; best